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Others may disappear if more realistic models are used: for instance, models incorporating protein production delays, or reduced models incorporating cad and tll as time-variable external inputs as these genes are not regulated by gap genes themselves.
The second term m a represents the effect of the maternal factor Bcd (itself not regulated by gap genes) on gene a, where m a is the regulatory weight (analogous to W above) and is the concentration of Bcd in nucleus i.
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Given the lack of intrinsic GTPase activity of ArfA, its activity is predicted to be regulated by GAPs.
Consistent with a role for ERK signaling in HE specification, increased signaling through the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor, which is upstream of ERK and regulated by Ras-GAP, decreases runx1 expression in the dorsal aorta of zebrafish (Pouget et al., 2014).
Anterior double-segment 'pair-rule' stripes of Nv eve appear to be regulated by maternal and gap genes as in Drosophila, and embryos knocked down for Nv eve, Nv odd and Nv h exhibit a pair-rule phenotype in the blastoderm-derived segments, although this phenotype is most often limited.
In both insects and vertebrates, the correct regionalization and neuronal identity of the anterior brain region is regulated by the cephalic gap genes otd/Otx and ems/Emx, whereas patterning of the posterior brain involves members of the Hox genes [ 8].
As mentioned above, the activity of Rab proteins is regulated by GEFs and GAPs, and some of them may well play a role in cancer.
The activity of the Ras family is controlled by the ratio of bound GTP to GDP, and because Ras proteins exchange GTP/GDP very slowly and possess a very low intrinsic GTPase activity, these processes are regulated by GEFs and GAPs.
Rac1 activity is also regulated by GTPase-activating protein (GAP) [15].
This cycling between the 2 Cdc42 activation states is regulated by GTPase Activating Proteins (GAPs) and Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs).
The switch of GTPase between its active and inactive form is regulated by their GEFs and GAPs (GTPase Activating Proteins) (reviewed by [ 3, 4]).
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