In the second example, Liu et al. [ 108] demonstrated that sRNAs could be used to regulate the translation of the leader peptides themselves, thus converting this translational regulation into transcriptional regulation of the downstream sequence (Fig. 2A).
Upstream open reading frames, as well as mRNA secondary structure and other motifs in 5' UTRs are known to regulate the translation of downstream major ORFs and particularly those which translate developmental genes [ 27].
Despite the importance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in gene regulation, it is unclear how the miRNA Argonaute complex or miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC can regulate the translation of their targets in such diverse ways.
The high expression of ABCF1 may regulate the translation of inflammatory cytokines and thus affect the development of gout.
DsrA and OxyS are two E. coli sRNAs that regulate the translation of rpoS, which encodes a protein sigma factor.
ABCF1 protein has been reported to both regulate and be regulated by TNF and may regulate the translation of inflammatory cytokines (Powell et al., 2013).
Argonaute proteins then associate with these duplexes to create the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) that acts as the machinery by which miRNAs can regulate the translation of transcript targets.
In bacterial and mammalian cells, it was shown that higher-order organization of ribosomes is employed by the cells as a means to regulate the translation capacity by limiting the number of active ribosomes.
The let-7 family miRNAs have been shown to post-transcriptionally regulate the translation of the helminth-controlling cytokine, IL-13, in a murine model for asthma and we hypothesize possible interactions between these host- and parasite-derived miRNAs and their immunomodulating roles.
In this study, we show a novel mechanism exploited by coronavirus to regulate the translation of virus-induced genes at late stages of the virus infection cycle.
In the cytoplasm, TIAR has been shown to regulate the translation of various mRNAs bearing AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3' untranslated region (UTR).
