For instance, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase protein 16 (Xtargetedrgeted by miR858) and expansin A9 (EXPA9, targeted by miR8005) were cell wall-related genes, which regulate the extension of cell wall during plant growth [ 51].
In this view, 'posterior Hox genes' regulate the extension of the body plan by indirectly controlling the amount of available mesoderm cells in the tail end of the embryo (via the regulation of cell ingression from the epiblast).
From the methodological lesson he took from Einstein to the insights gained in his own high-pressure physics, an important focus of Bridgman's operationalism was on regulating the extension of concepts to uncharted domains.
ERK regulates the latent process in a transcription-dependent manner, as indicated by the microarray assay (see Table S1), whereas ERK regulates the extension process in a transcription-independent manner (Figure 5A), indicating context-dependent, diverse functions of ERK for cell differentiation.
Further, the mir-30 family is involved in kidney development by regulating the extension of nephron through cell differentiation and proliferation, by targeting the Xlim1/Lhx1 transcription factor as shown in Xenopus pronephros development [ 77].
While Dpp appears to regulate the forward extension of the anterior tubules, multiple further cues are likely to control other aspects of tubule outgrowth, including the final tip cell contacts.
The high frequency of IAA producing strains suggests a role of PGP bacteria in contributing to regulate the root surface extension and consequently the potential of water and nutrient uptake [ 56].
We further demonstrate that polymerase η extends D-loops independently of PCNA, pointing to the possibility that the presence of PCNA may regulate the length of the extension tracks and thus alter the outcome of HR.
The phenotypes of the NtGNL1 RNAi transgenic lines confirmed that NtGNL1 indeed plays a critical role in regulating the polar extension of pollen tubes, the expected function of ARF-GEF in vesicle trafficking [24], [32] [34].
The lifespan data show that phosphorylation of Sir2 negatively regulates the lifespan extension activity of Sir2.
Second, in Hakai-overexpressing MDCK cells, Hakai is localized at the end of the protrusion where FAK is also enriched [ 8], suggesting that Hakai may be involved in regulating the dynamic extension and retraction of these structures and in influencing cell motility and cell attachment to the ECM.
