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However, several factors are known to regulate cytokine expression.
Galectin-3 can act in an autocrine or parcrine fashion to induce monocyte migration [43] or alternative macrophage activation [7] and regulate cytokine expression [44].
Catecholamines regulate cytokine expression depending on the cytokine studied, the cell type, and the experimental conditions used.
This model is therefore suitable for the study of the anti-arthritic and bone protective effects of drugs thought to regulate cytokine expression at the gene level, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR -γ agonists.
One alternative route of T cell activation is the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) family of transcription factors which regulate cytokine expression in T cells (Yu et al, 2009).
Follow-up analysis revealed that STAT1 and STAT2, important transcriptional factors that regulate cytokine expression and release, served as hubs to connect the pathways of cytokine stimulation (TGF-α and EGFR pathways) and inflammatory responses.
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Since these states are characterized by subclinical inflammation and hypoadiponectinemia [27], and based on the chromosomal localization of AHSG, we investigated whether fetuin-A regulates cytokine expression, modulates adipose tissue expression and the plasma concentration of the insulin-sensitizing and atheroprotective adipokine adiponectin.
In human melanocytes, TRPA1 regulates cytokine expression levels and mediates the early phase melanin synthesis response to ultraviolet B irradiation, implying a role for this channel in photoprotection.
As an essential DAMP molecule, HMGB1 is released by stimulated neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes, and then regulates cytokine expression and promotes inflammatory cell recruitment [ 31, 32].
It has been shown that defects in regulating cytokine expression and abnormally high transforming growth factor-beta-induced inflammation delay wound healing [ 42, 43].
The main focus of this study comprised the role of DHEA in specifically regulating cytokine expression at the mRNA level in the posttraumatic/postseptic course.
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