The regional substitution effectiveness was 0.5 t fossil fuel-C substituted per tonne biofuel-C harvested for whole cereals and 0.6 in the case of wood, wood product waste and straw.
An adequate representation of the regional fossil fuel mix substituted is important because different calorific values and carbon contents have strong influence on the regional substitution effectiveness.
The resulting regional substitution effectiveness was robust with regard to variations in the assumptions and life cycle emissions but very sensitive to the type of fossil energy carrier substituted (Table 4).
Some biofuels have the potential to significantly enhance energy security (e.g. with regard to storable energy, regional supply and substituting fossil fuels), achieve GHG mitigation targets compared to fossil fuels, as well as providing the opportunity to diversify agriculture systems to providing both fuel and food, while simultaneously supporting rural communities.
We substituted regional surface temperatures from Landsat scenes on 2 other days into models 3 and 4 [see Supplemental Material, Table S1 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104625)].
In the studies examined here, scales were kept consistent to the greatest extent possible to facilitate combining study data; only in certain circumstances were sites permitted to alter scales for regional differences (for example, substituting region or burro for county, where counties were not present, on the MMSE).
If a flight from La Guardia to Chicago on a Boeing 737 was, say, only a quarter full, the airline could substitute a regional jet.
We substituted missing regional data with average national data.
In a sense, the L.I.A. is a substitute for the regional government we lack.
But, for all their political appeal, bilateral and regional deals are never a substitute for progress at the WTO.
