In case of tumor regress, secondary treatment of the HCC with loco-regional modalities was permitted.
Since many pulmonary diseases present with a variable regional involvement, modalities for assessment of regional lung function gained increasing attention over the last years.
Because the two regional treatment modalities were not analysed as separate groups, the study was excluded from this review.
Recent studies have lead to a renewed interest in cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy as a regional treatment modality for patients with peritoneal surface malignancies.
For postoperative pain with these surgeries, a regional analgesic modality such as caudal analgesia (CA), inguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block (INB), or local infiltration (INF) is combined with a general anaesthetic (GA).
Tumor treating fields is a noninvasive, regional antimitotic treatment modality that delivers low-intensity (1 3 V/cm), intermediate-frequency (100 300 kHz) and alternating electric fields to the tumor using transducer arrays placed on the skin around the region of the body containing the tumor.
One retrospective study investigated the relationship between the perioperative analgesic modality (regional analgesia with PVB or systemic morphine analgesia) and cancer survival [ 44].
Phased-array MRI is recommended as the preferred imaging modality for regional staging.
In univariate analysis, age, EBV VCA-lgA, DFI, metastasis site, metastasis number, local-regional recurrence, treatment modality and chemotherapy effect were evaluated as predicting factors for PMS; while only age and treatment modality retained their significance in multivariate analysis (Table 4).
Advances in the knowledge of the physiopathology of pain, regional techniques and new analgesic modalities have also been included in guidelines for the treatment of acute postoperative pain.
To understand C2C climate-action networks, we suggest a framework for mapping C2C: geographic bases (domestic, regional, and global C2C), linking modalities (multilateral, and institution-led C2C), and functions (information exchange, networking, lobbying and funding, research, standards and commitments provision, and monitoring and certification).
