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Optical depth is a measure of the amount of electromagnetic radiation that is absorbed in passing through a medium e.g., a cloud, the atmosphere of a planet, or a region of particles in space.
The formation of a circulating region of particles or 'raceway' occurs in many processes when gas is laterally injected into a bed of particles.
A constitutive relationship between the degree of enfeeblement of the outer region of particles and the rate of regression of the surface is introduced to characterize the behaviour of the char in respect to combustion assisted attrition.
The model integrates the two-fluid model (TFM) with a species transport equation (STE) to account for the diffusion of alkane molecules from the liquid bulk to the amorphous region of particles, and a population balance equation (PBE) to consider the aggregation of swelling particles.
Considering the shape of polystyrene particles, the binarization threshold value effectively controlled the 3D region of particles in the Raman chemical image.
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Subatomic particles are usually studied in laboratories with giant accelerators, but the region of particle energies of potential significance to the question at hand lies beyond the range of accelerators currently available.
Knowing the attainable region of particle sizes, it is possible to generate feasible process alternatives that allow specific particle sizes to be obtained in a given process configuration.
The crack propagation through the matrix and region of well-dispersed particles is predicted by a crack growth law while crack propagation through the region of particle clusters is considerably different and unpredictable.
Because the contribution of the pressure drop at the exit of the feed tank is usually significant, a special emphasis was put on the region of particle acceleration in deriving the pressure drop estimation.
In flames with the inhibitor added on the flame side of the stagnation plane, the region of particle formation overlaps with the region of high H-atom concentration, and particle formation may interfere with the inhibition chemistry.
Previous research reveals that ultraviolet (UV) light penetration into wastewater particles is limited primarily to macropores, resulting in a residual concentration of targeted organisms in post-disinfected effluents that reflects the number of organisms embedded in the dense cellular regions of particles.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com