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It is the textual part that usually gets all the attention - this is where the hypothesis is (i) proposed, (ii) supported or refuted through experimentation and (iii) concluded.
But unlike moral dilemmas, which can be analysed without any knowledge of real world contexts, public policy trade-offs build on empirical assumptions that are open to be tested or refuted through studying actual cases.
The idea that seemingly irreducibly complex systems cannot evolve has been refuted through evolutionary mechanisms, such as exaptation (the adaptation of organs for entirely new functions) and the use of "scaffolding", which are initially necessary features of a system that later degenerate when they are no longer required.
These and other interpretations need to be confirmed or refuted through further research prior to acting on this finding.
For a hypothesis to be considered a scientific hypothesis sensu Popper, it has to be something that can be refuted through carefully crafted experimentation or observation.
Through this formal curation process, the experts selected terms that are specific enough to be confirmed or refuted through laboratory experiments while also general enough to reasonably expect high-throughput assays to provide relevant information (see details in Methods and additional file 3: Supplementary discussion).
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So far, users have refuted posts through reverse Google image searches, Allred said.
As an alternative, we describe a software which identifies and focuses on impossible or refuted relationships, through a simple analysis of bootstrap bipartitions, followed by multivariate statistical analyses.
The point isn't that these people are necessarily right (although they are), it is that Scarborough's attempt at argument through authority is easily refuted by even a casual stroll through recent economic punditry.
"...Scarborough's attempt at argument through authority is easily refuted by even a casual stroll through recent economic punditry," he wrote.
But just last Wednesday, Mr. Boehner refuted his own argument by ramming through the House a bill that seriously weakens the Violence Against Women Act.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com