Second, by engaging several types of data addressing the same underlying question, we demonstrate to students how scientists use multiple lines of evidence to support or refute hypotheses.
Combining proteomics, genomics, microarrays, nanotechnology, and mass spectrometry with traditional detection tools such as histopathology may better confirm or refute hypotheses of causation, but only when applied to appropriate specimens from well-designed epidemiologic studies in the appropriate populations (1 ).
In spite of the caution required in inferring human population history from the genealogy of a single locus, mtDNA has still been very successful to either reinforce or refute hypotheses on human evolution.
The marriage of flux model generation and customized model reconstruction is of great benefit to biologists since they can easily validate or refute hypotheses in microbial metabolism by drafting and comparing numerous metabolic models.
Epidemiologists compare frequencies of specific exposures reported by outbreak patients with those of a comparable population in the survey to quickly generate, confirm, or refute hypotheses about sources of illness.
When that happens, the upper bound on the posterior probability ratio also approaches 0, driving the posterior probability of hj to approach 0, effectively refuting hypothesis hj.
As no significant effect modifiers were identified in the unmet need estimations, refuting Hypothesis 2, we do not provide results for the models that included interaction terms.
25-50% refuted hypotheses means moderate, < 25% high refutediveness.
This proportion is the basis for the categorized rating of responsiveness, e.g. > 50% refuted hypotheses means poor responsiveness.
This means that the proportion of refuted hypotheses is arbitrary and is dependent on the moment when the stating of hypotheses stopped.
