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"Don't know" and "refused" responses were excluded.
Refused responses were minimal across all of the belief and barrier items (⩽0.3%) and were excluded from the analyses.
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(These reasons are certainly hazier than the old "had an offer I couldn't refuse" response).
According to the optimal two-stage phase II study design of Simon (1989), the sample size was assessed in order to refuse response rates ⩽40.0% (p0) and to provide a statistical power of 80.0% in assessing the activity of the regimen as a 60.0% response rate.
One CS refused M response recording and the results from one MP were excluded due to technical problems (MEPs were not saved).
Out of the 25262 subjects who were approached by pollsters, 9446 refused participation (response rate −62.6%).
Of these, 18 care groups participated and 15 refused participation (response rate 55%) (Additional file 1: Figure S1).
In particular, the large number of participants who selected 'Not applicable', 'Don't know' or 'Refused' in response to the question on perceived safety (N=1092) may have included those who already avoided walking home at night due to safety concerns or health limitations, and this could lead to a biased estimate of the associations among crime rates, perceived safety and health status.
After excluding from the analytical sample participants who refused to answer, had missing responses to any questions, or responded "don't know/not sure" to any questions (except for the question on receiving weight-loss advice), a total of 143,386 participants were included in our analyses.
The study was designed according to A'Hern [ 18] to refuse a response rate of 10% when the true response rate was 30%.
Cell counts may not total 100% due to refused or missing responses.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com