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(These reasons are certainly hazier than the old "had an offer I couldn't refuse" response).
According to the optimal two-stage phase II study design of Simon (1989), the sample size was assessed in order to refuse response rates ⩽40.0% (p0) and to provide a statistical power of 80.0% in assessing the activity of the regimen as a 60.0% response rate.
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"Don't know" and "refused" responses were excluded.
The study was designed according to A'Hern [ 18] to refuse a response rate of 10% when the true response rate was 30%.
One CS refused M response recording and the results from one MP were excluded due to technical problems (MEPs were not saved).
Out of the 25262 subjects who were approached by pollsters, 9446 refused participation (response rate −62.6%).
Of these, 18 care groups participated and 15 refused participation (response rate 55%) (Additional file 1: Figure S1).
In particular, the large number of participants who selected 'Not applicable', 'Don't know' or 'Refused' in response to the question on perceived safety (N=1092) may have included those who already avoided walking home at night due to safety concerns or health limitations, and this could lead to a biased estimate of the associations among crime rates, perceived safety and health status.
For example, it would be impracticable in a race-related IAT to have a stimulus depicting a person with ambiguous face race markers; clearly, this could cause subjects to sort such a stimulus arbitrarily to either category, or to refuse giving a response entirely.
In addition, all "don't know," "refuse," and unclear responses were coded as missing values for purposes of analysis.
[T]he Fifth Amendment does not forbid adverse inferences against parties to civil actions when they refuse to testify in response to probative evidence offered against them.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com