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In the U.S., Bt-cotton farmers are required to use a "refuge" strategy: they surround their Bt crops with a moat of plants that do not make Bt toxins.
Insect larval movement is one such trait that may affect the management of resistance, depending on the refuge strategy adopted.
Although the tenets of the standard refuge strategy apply to all pests, this strategy does not greatly delay the evolution of resistance in haplodiploid or parthenogenetic pests.
To see how, consider an agricultural landscape where a management technique is implemented through the refuge strategy, and suppose the refuge strategy works well, preventing adaptation by insect herbivores.
The Refuge strategy was typically considered when modelling resistance to insecticidal proteins (>95% of the articles) or to insecticides (45%).
To combat herbivore colour evolution, the refuge strategy can be used, whereby green and purple cultivars are planted together.
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To compare various refuge strategies, a team led by entomologist Anthony Shelton of Cornell University's agricultural experiment station in Geneva, New York, planted experimental plots of broccoli.
It is a key factor in the management of Bt crops as part of an High-Dose-Refuge strategy (Peck et al. 1999; Caprio 2001; Ives and Andow 2002; Vacher et al. 2003; Cerda and Wright 2004; Sisterson et al. 2005; Tyutyunov et al. 2008).
Diluting the TG-field population with refuge beetles ('refuge strategy'), reduces the likelihood that two individuals carrying genes for resistance will mate, thus slowing the rate of resistance development [32].
The two main strategies adopted for delaying resistance are the refuge and pyramid strategies.
In these two strategies, refuge floor plays an important part because it not only provides a place for temporarily stop, but also for the transition from stair evacuation into elevator evacuation.
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