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Women with S. haematobium are estimated to be three to six times more likely to contract HIV than schistosome-free women [[ 9], and refs within].
The S. haematobium infection also increases HIV titer, resulting in a greater potential infectivity: HIV positive men with genital schistosomiasis have between two and seven fold higher HIV titers in their blood and their semen than schistosome-free men [[ 9], and refs within].
Since we use the two-patch model to test the validity of the cofactor model in the simulations, we chose values for the parameters in the four-patch cofactor model which are inherited from the former to be within the ranges calculated by Anderson et. al. (1988) [[ 18], and refs within].
Finally, a number of pathogens have been identified as cofactors for HIV spread, including herpes simplex virus (HSV -2 [ 7, 8], HSV -2tis C virus, human papilloma virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, malaria causing Plasmodium, and Schistosoma haematobium, the causal agent of genital schistosomiasis [[ 9], and refs within].
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Financial support: grants from the NIH; R01 and68063 ARRAARRA supplement, R01AI090118, and from the ACR REF Within Our Reach campaign, the Alliance for Lupus Research and the Arthritis Foundation.
The present study was supported by National Institute of Health/National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases with Grant Number R01 AR053325 to DW and the ACR-REF: Within Our Reach Grant to SRG.
This work is supported by grants from the NIH, R01AI090118, R01 and68063 ARRAARRA supplement, R01AI090118, and from the ACR REF Within Our Reach campaign, the Alliance for Lupus Research, the Arthritis Foundation, and the P. Robert Majumder Charitable Trust.
If the difference is larger but x lab agrees with X ref within their respective expanded measurement uncertainties, then the measurement uncertainty is properly assessed resulting in a satisfactory z-score, though the corresponding z-score may be questionable or unsatisfactory.
The dynamical equivalence between models of this sort, where populations experience exponential growth asymptotically approaching a threshold, and those models used in neural networks of excitation/inhibition between neurons is well recognised ([ 64] and refs. within).
In Anderson et. al. (1988) [[ 18], and refs within], many demographic parameters are chosen directly from measurement data of birth and death rates in the sub-Saharan region which comprises the focus of that study.
Reference groups (ref) indicated within table.
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