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Informed consent was collected from the guardian, but the child had also the possibility to refrain participation.
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Participation in the hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp experiment is optional, to prevent participants to refrain from participation in our study.
The mixed design was adopted as it best fits our study objectives and allowed a thorough understanding of both qualitative and quantitative factors associated with workers' decision to participate or refrain from participation in a locally constructed PBI scheme.
As we did not gather data on the characteristics of non-participating practices and their reasons to refrain from participation a possible selection bias cannot be ruled out.
The result: Students culturally oriented to refrain from participation or those who by nature are introverted gained confidence sharing their ideas, hearing multiple viewpoints and giving constructive feedback.
The resolutions call on all members of AUT to "refrain from participation in any form of academic and cultural cooperation, collaboration, or joint projects" with two universities in Israel, Haifa University and Bar Ilan University.
By analysing situational uncertainty instead of dispositional or context-bound forms of communication apprehension, the focus shifts from persistent tendencies to refrain from participation to factors that are more dependent on the perceived properties of the current interaction process.
They are indirectly referenced in Cordileone's new handbook section, which warns educators to "refrain from participation in organizations that call themselves 'Catholic' but support or advocate issues or causes contrary" to church teaching.
The trainees were free to refrain from participation.
A disadvantage of randomised controlled trials is that some patients refrain from participation because of randomisation; they do not want to risk being allocated to the control intervention.
Their free will to participate was emphasised and, respondents who felt their integrity violated had the right to refrain from participation.
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