However, in the later stages of tumour development, as cells become refractory to growth inhibition, then the role of LAP in promoting αvβ6-dependent cell movement and MMP-9 expression may assume greater significance, and this may be one of the ways in which TGF-β promotes tumour development.
As chronic increases in hepatic gluconeogenesis and disrupted lipid metabolism contribute to the development of T2D, we examined whether LMKO mice were refractory to T2D development.
TAO over-expressing transgenic T. brucei was refractory to the development of the PCD-like phenomenon compared to the wild-type, indicating that expression of TAO might have a regulatory role on PCD development.
Endolysin engineering has opened a range of new applications for these proteins from food safety to environmental decontamination to more effective antimicrobials that are believed refractory to resistance development.
We did identify another tissue that is typically refractory to retinal development that we were able to coax towards an eye fate, the labellum (Fig. 4C, arrow).
The quantitative analysis of liver collagen, the major extracellular matrix protein in liver fibrosis [4], with the Sirius red collagen-binding assay [19] (Figure 1C), demonstrated that C/EBPβ-Ala217 mice were refractory to the development of liver fibrosis after chronic exposure to the hepatotoxin.
It is refractory to the development of other species of Leishmania [ 11].
Phlebotomus papatasi is the principal vector for this parasite and is refractory to the development of other species of Leishmania.
Others (that is, EL-11) are refractory to alveolar development upon hormonal treatment or even in full-term pregnant hosts [ 26, 27].
In spite of the lack of immune cells, the eye is refractory to the development of tumors (both primary intraocular tumors and tumors metastasizing from distant sites).
