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The optical system consists of three refractive elements and one binary surface.
Diffractive optical elements can be realized as ultra-thin plates that offer significantly reduced footprint and weight compared to refractive elements.
The design of this achromat applies the opposite dispersive characteristics of diffractive and refractive elements.
Therefore, these composites, although having little absorption, give rise to large extinction due to scattering and do not constitute an improvement, as low loss refractive elements, upon all previously designed highly absorbing metamaterials.
In many cases, the interactions between the SPPs and the emitters are governed by the weak coupling [6 12], resulting in a development of new nanodimensional photonic elements such as planar frequency converters [8] or planar refractive elements with a desirable refractive index [9].
Refractive elements, including the objective and collimating lenses, inherently induce additional group velocity dispersion into the overall optical system.
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Most commercially available diffusers are implemented as a refractive element with a random surface profile.
Although the cornea is the major refractive element of the eye, the mechanisms controlling corneal shape and hence visual acuity remain unknown.
Both surfaces of the reflective and refractive element are of freeform shapes and fitted as freeform expression in the design analysis.
Although multifocal optical systems occur throughout the vertebrate linage, it is best understood in teleosts (bony fishes) where the crystalline lens is the sole refractive element [7].
The cornea is the principal refractive element in the eye.
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