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First, using the Cattaneo's relaxation approach, we reformulate the system of governing equations for the pollutant transport by shallow water flows over non-flat topography and anisotropic diffusion as hyperbolic balance laws with stiff source terms.
Secondly, for the sensor problem we will reformulate the system by introducing a new state variable, so that an augmented system can be constructed to treat sensor faults as actuator faults.
We next reformulate the system as an evolutionary game with "birth-death" updating and take Nc = Nd = N.
In this case where only measurement state changes but not the topology of the system, LSE only needs to re-conduct the observability analysis and reformulate the system matrix that is used to solve the LSE problem.
Using this new variable η we can reformulate the system (1.1 - 1.3 1.1 - 1.3e lefto{ textstylebecomearray}{left_{textstylebegin{array int_{0}{linfty} mu_{ttAeta(s),ds + f(u) = h, eta_{t}= Teta+ u_{t}, end{Au_{ttdisplaystyle right.
For convenience, we reformulate the system (1) as ρ t + div ( ρ u ) = 0, ρ u t + ρ u · ∇ u + ∇ p = Δ u + ∇ div u + curl H × H, H t + curl ( u × H ) − Δ H = 0, div H = 0, (4). in ( 0, ∞ ) × ℝ + 3. Notice that we have normalized some physical constants to be unit but without reducing any essential difficulties for our analysis.
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Although Mr. Obama reformulated the system last year, he kept Mr. Bush's goal.
The idea is to derive the second order optimality conditions for the power flow problem by reformulating the system equations into a set of ordinary differential equations, whose equilibrium points represent the problem solutions.
The computational burden can be relieved by reformulating the system involving differential equations into a system of algebraic equations [ 12, 15, 17, 24], which can be classified as "decomposition approaches".
The proposed methodology is based on exact feedback linearization which is used to reformulate the nonlinear system as a linear system having state-dependent input saturation.
Then the lifting technique is applied to reformulate the multirate system as a single-rate system.
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