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However, they do suggest that the association between the Beijing genotype and young age reflects importation of Beijing strain infections from urban areas into rural areas.
This finding is somewhat surprising for an area where disease endemicity is low (13 ) and probably reflects importation of strains from neighboring areas such as Ethiopia or Somalia (1, 5 ).
The position of the 2004 Venezuelan 1A sequence possibly reflects importation from Trinidad, which implies that enzootic YFV circulation in Trinidad is not isolated epidemiologically but gave rise to exportation of YFV to Venezuela.
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In the past, our electricity and gasoline prices did not accurately reflect importation costs, and this situation could no longer continue.
Alternatively, the observed fluctuations in numbers of cases caused by Beijing strains may reflect importation from urban areas.
Although none of the domestic animals harbored infected ticks, it is not possible to conclude if these data reflect importation of CCHFV or infection acquired within Egypt because details about conditions under which animals were kept before slaughter are unavailable.
Immigration is essentially the importation of new workers.
Importation prevalence was varied in a sensitivity analysis from 0%>30%.
That's real compliance with non-importation.
On more recent temporal scales, the global population structure of B. anthracis reflects colonial-era importation of specific genotypes from the Old World into the New World, as well as the repeated industrial importation of diverse genotypes into developed countries via spore-contaminated animal products.
This likely reflects a combination of a reduction in importation (affecting the proportion of travel-related cases, model parameter φ), possibly attributable to improved vaccination rates among travellers or to reduced endemicity in the destination countries (affecting the transmission rate βtrav) [ 30].
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