The start and end of each arrow correspond to injection (solar wind) and reflection velocities, respectively.
The expansion and reflection velocities correspond to the red and blue arrows in Fig. 1.
The "smilergram" is introduced as observed in both F2 and Sporadic E. The characteristic curve in Doppler versus group height at a single frequency is described and related to changes in reflection symmetry, velocity and depth of moving ionospheric inhomogeneities.
"From a sentiment point of view, the heatmap is a reflection of the velocity of social interest.
The survey was designed to supplement the deep seismic reflection studies with velocity information.
The Doppler shift caused by the advection mechanism can be interpreted as caused by the movement of the reflection level with velocity v, which is calculated using the simple formula: Delta f = - 2ffrac{v}{c}.
The expressions for velocities, reflection and transmission coefficients involve a large number of parameters.
Figure 6 shows examples of reflection signals from several velocity discontinuities for ECr11.
Data processing for the 2D seismic reflection data involved filtering, velocity analysis, stacking, deconvolution, and post-stack migration (Yilmaz and Doherty 2001).
To understand the entire collisional system, we have used refraction/wide-angle reflection data to model velocity structures of the Honshu arc, northwest of the ICZ.
