In contrast to the similar WKB or phase integral approximations, these approximations do not break down in the reflection region (Langer, 1937; Miller and Good, 1953).
For convenience in what follows, we primarily use the quantity ρ X in our equations, as ρ O becomes very large in the O-mode reflection region.
A purely numerical simulation method for obtaining the variation of the pump-wave ( overrightarrow{E} ) in the whole reflection region is used by Gondarenko et al. 2004.
In addition, elevation could be applied for estimation of the plasma frequency in the HF reflection region (or even the critical frequency of the layer).
It is found that, compared to regular PC, the designed TiO2 NT APC owns broader reflection region and a desired omnidirectional reflection (ODR) bandgaps, leading to considerable and stable photocurrent enhancement under both normal and oblique light.
It includes a set of the following HF GB characteristics: the slant range corresponding to the skip distance, elevation angle, true height of reflection, slant range, and ground distance to the ionospheric reflection region.
Panels show the variations of the following characteristics: a minimum slant range, b elevation angle, c true reflection height, and d, e critical frequency and maximum height for electron density profile at the reflection region.
In order to correctly interpret the observations made in these experiments, it is therefore essential to be able to accurately calculate the ( overrightarrow{E} ) wave pattern in the whole reflection region.
An ingenious analytical method devised by Lundborg and Thide 1985 , 1986is used to calculate the variation of the characteristic-wave ( overrightarrow{E} ) near the reflection region, but only ordinary (O -mode waves are considered.
