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[UPDATE: He's out, and has made a statement — above — about his reflection "from the bottom of a Victorian prison".
Modern sounding devices measure the time taken for emitted sound to return after reflection from the bottom, relying on a knowledge of the speed of sound in water.
He uses a mirror angled in such a way that when we think we're looking into an empty box, we're actually seeing the reflection from the bottom of the box and assuming it's the back.
In the "sample-free" region, the reflected light that re-enters the laser consists of a reflection from the coverslip-buffer interface ("signal term") and a considerably weaker reflection from the optical elements along the path ("background term"); because of the index-matching oil, the reflection from the bottom of the coverslip is negligible.
This relatively large sphere was imaged with the focus of the objective held fixed at the coverslip-buffer interface; this approach assured that the reflection from the (bottom) surface of the sphere closest to the coverslip-buffer interface was greater than the (top) reflection from the surface of the sphere that was furthest from the interface.
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An agar phantom was used as a bottom layer to prevent an overlap of strong reflection signals from the bottom of the case with backscattered signals from the thrombus.
The fish measures pressure (corresponding to water depth), altitude (using acoustic reflection from the ocean bottom), and slant ranges to the ship and also to OBEMs.
A glass substrate has a low refractive index, leading to low reflection from the top and bottom surfaces of the substrate.
Sonar systems are limited in range by attenuation (weakening) of the sound energy in water, bending caused by temperature differences in water layers, and extraneous noises, including reflections from the sea bottom.
In shallow water, multipath occurs due to signal reflections from the surface, bottom and any objects in the water.
Through these processes, specular reflections to the transducer from the bottom are formed and the reflection energy is a direct measurement of acoustic impedance.
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