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In critical patients, left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening are used to reflect left ventricular systolic function.
All of these peptides have been reported to reflect left ventricular dysfunction in these patients.
PAR has been shown to reflect left heart filling pressure using indwelling pressure transducers [ 15, 19] and noninvasive surrogates of a continuous blood pressure waveform [ 21– 23].
Limb lead electrocardiograms were classified according to the Minnesota code (25), with tall R waves (codes 3-1 to 3-3) used to reflect left ventricular hypertrophy.
PAWP must be accurately measured, it must reflect left atrial pressure (LAP), LAP must reflect left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and then LVEDP must relate directly to left ventricular end-diastolic volume to be a true measure of cardiac filling.
On the other hand, the volumetric preload variables that are assessed by transpulmonary thermodilution may better reflect left ventricular preload [ 4], but they do not allow assessment of fluid responsiveness [ 3, 5].
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GEDVI represents the volumes of the right and left heart at end-diastole and reflects left ventricular dimensions obtained by echocardiography in the absence of overt right ventricular distention (25).
GEDV represents the volumes of the right and left heart at end-diastole and reflects left ventricular dimensions obtained by echocardiography in the absence of overt right ventricular distention [ 7, 12- 17].
Positive values reflecting right head turn bias-left hemispheric advantage and negative values reflecting left head turn bias-right hemispheric advantage.
The GEDVI represents the volumes of the right and left heart at the end of diastole and often reflects left ventricular end-diastolic volume estimated by echocardiography provided that right ventricular dilatation is absent [ 25].
The lens can also show when an object is not chiral, such as this coin, which reflects left and right circularly polarized light the same.
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