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All this heating, plus refining bitumen into something approximating everyday petroleum, gobbles 1,300 to 2,100 cubic feet of natural gas per barrel of crude produced.
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Refining the bitumen also costs much more than refining light crude.
Furthermore, a minimum indirect tensile strength criteria is suggested to refine this bitumen content.
Among those effects are environmental and climatic ones resulting from the inevitable expansion of bitumen refining facilities in the United States.
Technological improvements in recent years have streamlined the burdensome refining process for bitumen, the feedstock in synthetic oil production.
Canadian Natural is looking at building two $1.2 billion plants that will convert coke, a coal-like waste product from the refining of the bitumen, into a heating fuel.
Reactive polymers are lately gaining acceptance to give added value to a residue of the crude oil refining process such as bitumen.
Pipelines to the American Midwest and Texas pump this bitumen for refining there.
In situ recovery or mining as well as bitumen upgrading and refining are energy intensive processes that generate huge volumes of acid gas, consume massive volumes of water, and are costly.
More dirty and corrosive than conventional crude, bitumen requires extensive refining to become useable fuel.
Isocyanate-based modification is lately gaining acceptance as a successful way to give added value to bitumen, a crude oil refining by-product.
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