Shannon values found in the literature for bacterial communities ranged from 2.96 to 3.83 in libraries from water column [Dimitriu et al. 2008]; 2.7 to 3.5 in coral samples [Bourne et al. 2008], 3.6 to 4.0 for refinery WWTP sludge [Silva et al. 2010] and a diversity index of 2.9 was obtained for a petroliferous reservoir sample [Li et al. 2007].
In addition, there is dense industrial activity upwind of the site, including iron/steel manufacturing, coke ovens, chemical plants, refineries, sewage sludge incineration, and coal-fired utilities.
This area of the city has heavy industries, including iron-steel manufacturing, coke ovens, chemical plants, refineries, sewage sludge incineration, and coal-fired utilities [ 21].
The site is located within 5 km of iron/steel production facilities, a coke oven, an oil refinery, a sewage sludge waste incinerator, a coal-fired power plant, and major highways.
At oil refineries, both oil sludge and biological sludge are produced on a daily basis.
Nearby point sources for pollutants include coal-fired utilities, municipal waste incineration, sewage sludge incineration, refineries, iron/steel manufacturing, coke ovens, and chemical plants (Keeler et al. 2002).
With the exception of one association we found for a coal/secondary sulfate factor in the winter, the present study also shows that similar local sources, including cement/lime production, sludge incineration, refineries, iron/steel, and motor vehicles influence HRV metrics.
Our previous results from CAPs exposure studies in Detroit suggest that exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation is associated with PM2.5 primarily associated with sewage sludge incineration, refineries, and secondary sulfate/coal-combustion utilities rather than from diesel- or gasoline-powered motor vehicles [ 15, 16].
