The development of alternative methods to the use of animals (Replacement), the design of adequate experimental protocols to reduce the number of animals (Reduction), the application of refinement practices (Refinement) are all aspects to be considered to ensure ethical and scientific validity to animal experimentation.
Since several aspects of PDT should be examined, it is crucial to define the possible models that would guide the principle of the 3Rs (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement) practice, which is known as the fundamental strategy for designing more ethical animal studies.
Such an ongoing refinement in practice will be limited by "back mutations" (revertants).
APHIS, with the support from the Office of the General Counsel, continuously monitors these sources of information and refinements to Apracticesctices are made accordingly.
In Late Shang divination as practiced during the reign of Wuding (c. 1250 1192 bce), cattle scapulae or turtle plastrons, in a refinement of Neolithic practice, were first planed and bored with hollow depressions to which an intense heat source was then applied.
Because refinement demands considerable practice, such critics are few in numbers.
The key observations arising from these examinations are presented and discussed to serve as input for the development and/or refinement of design practice approaches for seismic geotechnical design.
Yet results presented here suggest that a refinement of current practice might be needed, as reduced number-sense is observed in one-third of CP patients and audit data indicate the clinical relevance.
There was substantial variation in the levels of eGFR at which U.S. primary care physicians recommended referral (ranging from eGFR of 15 to 100 mL/min/1.73m), suggesting refinement of clinical practice guidelines to clarify the indications for referral may be needed.
In our study, subtle and perhaps even benign ecological factors (listed above) appear to underlie the divergent and/or alternative development of certain rehabilitated sites despite the careful implementation and refinement of rehabilitation practices.
