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This report provides practical guidance on refinement of the use of food and fluid control as motivational tools for macaques used in behavioural neuroscience research.
Integration of QSAR and in vitro methods into strategic approaches for the replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of animals is described with examples.
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Given the increasing costs of modern oncologic treatment [ 15] and the possible toxicities of anticancer drugs, refinements to the use of modern therapeutic agents and therapy strategies are essential to improve oncologic care.
These dimensions of conceptual, technological, and organisational barriers are used in the paper of Hoel and Chen (2014) and are a refinement of the categories used in enterprise interoperability analysis (Chen and Daclin 2006).
That is to say, the degree of ill-posedness of numerical problems does not increase with the refinement of the mesh used.
Rietveld refinement of the structure using X-ray diffraction data confirms the coexistence of the tetragonal and cubic phases in the MPB region and rules out the coexistence of tetragonal and rhombohedral structures reported by earlier workers.
Constant refinement of the techniques used in radiological examinations has produced greater resolution in imaging, facilitating greater accuracy of assessments.
The estimate for prevalence in Kenya at the end of 2003 was 6.7%, following refinement of the models used for calculations to include data from household surveys rather than just sentinel surveillance data [ 2].
Initial refinement of the language used in the SAPAS-AV took place after piloting the SAPAS on 10 adolescent boys and girls from a secure institution and a psychiatric outpatient clinic.
This method of refinement allows the use of bond-valence parameters derived from neutron-diffraction data with bond lengths derived from X-ray diffraction data, and usually leads to good bond-valence sums.
That clone, named Amy, was a "further and important refinement of the techniques we use in the basic cloning of large animals," said George E. Seidel Jr., a professor of biochemical sciences at Colorado State University.
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