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Grain refinement is achieved with average grain size of α phase decreasing from 33.6 to 24.3 μm.
A unique feature of friction stir processing is that the grain refinement is achieved without changing the geometrical shape of the sheet or plate.
The coarsest grid blocks always cover the entire computational domain, and local refinement is achieved by the bisection of selected blocks in every coordinate direction.
Peak refinement is achieved in three steps: peak pruning, cross-referencing and intensity-based filtering.
The refinement is achieved by geometrical least squares using the Konnert–Hendrickson algorithm (Hendrickson and Konnert, 1980) as implemented in the program Nuclin/Nuclsq (Westhof et al., 1985).
Whereas the degree of coding identity will specify finer order for mosaic gene formation, we do not know how refinement is achieved for the other genes.
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Therefore, significant grain refinement was achieved through the formation and refinement of the subgrains.
The grain refinement was achieved by recrystallization during high temperature deformation of the NiTi alloy.
Significant evolution in grain refinement was achieved down to sub-micron grain size in all planes.
A remarkable grain refinement was achieved inside the shear bands due to the higher magnitude of shearing strain.
This has been applied to a commercial Mg 3Al 1Zn alloy and a significant grain refinement was achieved even after single cycle ABE.
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