Therefore, we assess efforts aimed at disentangling issues of causality, and showcase the shifting research landscape towards endophenotype refinement in clinical and preclinical settings.
With the refinement of clinical trial designs over the past 40 years, the randomized controlled trial (RCT) has assumed the role of gold standard, providing the highest level of evidence for therapeutic efficacy.
The present results point to the need for refinement of clinical policy in two related areas.
Therefore, development of transplantation source animals with reduced PERV activity, development and refinement of clinical tests for PERV transmission, and accurate preclinical risk assessment, are much needed.
However, these improvements are small and unlikely to motivate refinement of clinical risk reclassification or discrimination strategies.
However, despite significant and rapid progress, existing RNAi technologies require further refinement before clinical applications can be realized.
Refinement of clinical, neuroimaging [ 37], and neuropathological [ 45, 46] parameters will probably improve the ability to predict the presence of a mutation in sporadic cases, but careful attention to patients in whom the family history appears negative is critical.
These electives promote a number of goals for trainees including the acquisition of global health knowledge, refinement of clinical skills, development of cultural sensitivity, and cultivation of social justice [ 7- 10].
We did not enrol previous users of the service because staff of the Evidence Centre usually facilitate the refinement of clinical questions during consultation sessions and it was postulated that some learning effect would be present.
There was substantial variation in the levels of eGFR at which U.S. primary care physicians recommended referral (ranging from eGFR of 15 to 100 mL/min/1.73m), suggesting refinement of clinical practice guidelines to clarify the indications for referral may be needed.
