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When these improvements are realized, they will allow the health authorities and government policy makers to prioritize hazards more accurately and thus refine surveillance programs with the collaboration of all stakeholders of the food chain.
In the more traditional type of system, individual patient records, often containing potentially identifiable information, such as date of birth and exact or approximate home address, are transferred, usually in electronic form, preferably through some secured method, to a central secured repository, where statistical tools can be used to develop and refine surveillance procedures.
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We identified 3 trends in surveillance efforts and their implications for comparability of data, as well as opportunities for refining surveillance strategies to capture diversity of avian influenza viruses.
In a statement, Firna added that it would "pursue potential cross-market abuses and refine its surveillance patterns based on new threat scenarios and regulatory intelligence".
New evidence to refine current surveillance guidelines has been provided by evaluating (1) the diagnostic performance of CI and serological tests for detection of FMD virus (FMDV) non-structural proteins (NSP), and (2) the within-herd transmission of the virus in partially immune cattle.
Methods outlined herein may be applied to refine oral health surveillance systems, inform dental epidemiologic methods, and evaluate interventional outcomes.
Other members of the JE Core Working Group contributed to development of, and provided feedback to assist in refining, the JE surveillance standards.
This type of analysis could possibly be refined by stratifying surveillance data by the number of birds and humans tested to compensate for variations in the intensity of the surveillance effort.
At present, this approach is being refined for virus surveillance in Culicoides although initial studies in the laboratory appear to show that these are unlikely to be effective [ 15].
Moreover, states and the federal government can use search query surveillance to refine implementation of tax policy and compare searches with other states as benchmarks.
The methods outlined in this study can be built upon to scale and refine current oral health surveillance systems, thereby informing dental epidemiology methods in general and evaluations of dental health-care interventions in particular.
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