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Under the law scientists are required to consider the 3Rs: to replace the use of animals; reduce the number need; or refine procedures to cause less suffering.
Whilst the toxicology studies continue to be required for regulatory submissions, there are opportunities to both reduce the number of animals and refine procedures used within the studies, by implementation of best practice study designs and processes identified by NC3Rs-industry data sharing projects.
It relies on the long-established international principle of "the 3Rs": replace animal tests with other studies wherever possible, reduce the number of animals involved, and refine procedures to minimize suffering.
One of the objectives was to refine procedures.
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In this study, the children responded to the PAB-S's initial version (39 items), however, both the initial and refined (with 25 items) versions were used according to the refining procedures described in the previous studies.
It was more a question of refining procedures, he said, and demonstrating them re peatedly in ground laboratories and in space.
The application of melt and refining procedures has demonstrated great potential to solve the fuel integrity problem in the high-burnup condition of CANDLE reactors.
However, if the melt and refining procedures are applied during operation, the reactor might lose all the nuclide distribution in the fuel pins and CANDLE burning becomes impossible to achieve.
Furthermore, it presents the refining procedures and initial evidence of validity based on the instrument's internal structure.
With round-the-clock shifts, this would have involved streamlining every launch process – from rewriting software and refining procedures to training the rescue crew.
As a result, this initial step often creates many more communities than the optimal number, although later refining procedures may reduce the number of communities.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com