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The central bank also announced changes to refinancing operations whereby lower-rated assets offered as collateral for funds at the central bank would be eligible for less financing.
The package has two other elements: about $950 billion in loan guarantees from the European Union, and a decision by the European Central Bank to intervene in the bond markets through a series of refinancing operations.
Moreover, not forbidding indirect purchases should be seen primarily as a means of permitting banks that buy government bonds to pledge them as collateral for refinancing operations, while bearing the full investment risk.
These changes denote the focus of the ECB on refinancing operations during the crisis period.
Also, we noted the emergence of "longer term refinancing operations" (LTRO) as a highly ranked connective (G) concept and similarly the increase in betweenness for "main refinancing operations" (MRO).
Royal Bank of Scotland economist Silvio Peruzzo told Forbes that he expected the ECB to potentially widen the types of assets it accepted as collateral for refinancing operations.
It has a relatively low cost of living, an educated workforce (the University of Iowa is two hours away), and it's a Midwest financial and insurance center, home to many banks' refinancing operations.
The unseemly side of the Franco-German power play came to the fore last week: ECB President Jean-Claude Trichet ostensibly took some pressure off Greece by extending emergency lending rules, saying its bonds won't be cut off from ECB refinancing operations next year in case Moody's Investors Service lowers its rating to a level comparable with other companies.
It cut rates to a record low and swamped the banking system with liquidity through three-year refinancing operations.
Those two LTROs (longer-term refinancing operations) were successful in cowing the markets, at least for a time.
Moreover, the ECB has launched a series of four targeted longer-term refinancing operations, which also carry negative interest rates.
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