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Beneficence refers to study designs that to the greatest degree possible maximize benefits and minimize risks to the patient.
We classified the studies as 'advanced stage' or 'mixed stages.' Advanced stage refers to study populations in which all patients had metastatic CRC, and distant metastases.
Thus, to estimate hazards with a varying exposure period, we used an extended Cox model with time-dependent covariates, which requires no proportional hazards, because the hazards depended on time, which in this case refers to study subjects' age.
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If publications referred to study methods published elsewhere, we retrieved this additional information.
The internal validity criteria refer to study characteristics that safeguard against the intrusion of systematic error or bias.
Arguably the most clever clue of the day, "Takes night courses?," does not refer to studying.
'Multi' refers to studies examining more than one country.
Nitschke refers to studies in Australia and Canada that show that in terms of the cost of healthcare, the highest cost patients are those in their last year of life.
The responsiveness to change refers to studies of treatment effects or other follow-up studies.
'Unspecified' refers to studies where there was no clear indication how the study participants were chosen.
By definition, CER refers to studies that compare the benefits and harms of different interventions.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com