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In each survey, the time referent used for the items is framed based on the timing of the proceeding follow-up survey (i.e. the baseline survey time referent is "the past/next four months" and the four and ten month follow-up surveys time referent is "the past/next six months").
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The odds ratio (OR) of diabetes for IGF-1 was calculated by taking the highest IGF-1 quartile as the referent using multivariable logistic regression models.
*p < 0.001 for the overall association using a Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance test; p-values for angina frequency domain score comparisons to "no" angina (referent) using Mann–Whitney U test.
The odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI of prediabetes for each lower serum 25(OH D quartile was calculated by taking the highest quartile as the referent, using multivariable logistic regression models.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for PAD in association with BPA were calculated by taking the lowest tertile (tertile 1) as the referent, using multivariable logistic regression models.
Primary tests for associations assumed an ordinal (log-additive) effect with simple tests for trend, as well as separate comparisons of heterozygous and minor allele homozygous women to major allele homozygous women (referent) using a 2 degree-of-freedom (d.f).f
To address this shortfall, we utilized a two-study design to explore performance referents used by CEOs along with characteristics influencing referent orientation (internal vs. external).
The specific referents used may vary by age, education or "racial" ancestry [ 19, 20], and when sufficient and detailed medical information is available, socio-cultural factors may contribute only marginally to self- rating of health [ 17].
For each case, we then randomly selected two men (hereafter referred to as "referents") using risk set (i.e., density) sampling with years since diagnosis as the time scale.
We compared these new-onset atrial fibrillation participants with referents, using a difference in difference design to account for both time trends and differences between the two groups.
The grotesque swearwords had concrete referents; using them meant dragging down whichever lofty prick you hated so much into the true and ordinary world of piss and ordure.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com