Outside of surgical education, frame-of-reference (FOR) training has been shown to be an effective training modality to teach raters the specific performance indicators associated with each point on a rating scale.
Firstly, our findings may have implications for rater training, providing further support for the implementation of 'frame-of-reference' (FOR) training as proposed by Holmboe (2008).
Based on train scheduling, this paper puts forward a multi-objective optimization model for train routing on high-speed railway network, which can offer an important reference for train plan to provide a better service.
These pairs comprised our positive reference set for training network models.
While certain techniques such as randomly amplified polymorphic (RAPD) PCR may successfully produce unique viral genomic fingerprints [44], we are also evaluating alternative strategies such as optical mapping [45] and automated artificial neural networks using known morphological characteristics and fluorescence data gathered from reference phage for training [46].
For the supervised approaches, we use the entire sets of reference complexes for training.
We perform random sub-sampling cross-validation, repeated over ten rounds, using manually curated complexes as reference complexes for training and testing.
In order to train the cycle dependent SVMs a known sequence has to be included or when resequencing a genome it is also possible to use the reference genome for training.
Gene predictions were performed using three different approaches: SNAP [ 108], AUGUSTUS [ 109] and EXONERATE [ 110] using ORF's identified in the G. clavigera strain kw1407/UAMH 11150 [ 26] as reference and for training and genomic comparisons.
As we suggested above, models that avoid supervised learning have the advantage of a potentially increased yield in the case of de novo sequencing since they do not require resequencing of a known reference sequence for training.
Of this set of potential key factors, 16 were known to play either essential or non-essential roles in the regulation of adult definitive erythropoiesis and were used as a reference dataset for training the machine learning algorithm.
