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One example of it is the KAB questionnaire, one of the most referenced instruments in this context.
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The comparison was conducted at the JRC premises using different light sources in order to test the reference instruments under various real-world operating conditions.
Instruments #3, #4, and #5 were used as reference instruments and were calibrated with a urine control solution (Bio-Rad, Redmond, CA, USA, Order No. 435).
Reference instruments are valid but not easy to use for some joints.
The scores of the reference instruments are presented in Table 3.
However, this instrument seems less reliable and useful compared to the reference instruments used to measure elbow ROM in gerontology.
Differences in reference instruments would not likely explain the greater measurement error reported by Tanner, given that their instrument undergoes a three-point and two-point calibrations check every few hours, similar to our reference instrument.
However, this instrument seems less reliable and valuable compared to the reference instruments used to measure elbow range of motion in gerontology.
IRT-improved instruments could detect a 1.2% difference with 80% power, while reference instruments could detect only a 2.3% difference (P < 0.01).
The reference instruments in the evaluation of the EQ-5D were the PHQ-15, PHQ-9, WI-7 and the SF-36.
Table 5 shows the associations between the response level of the EQ-5D items and the scores of the reference instruments.
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