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The commercial forage sorghum FS-5 was used as a reference variety.
Component traits of breaking-type and bending-type lodging resistance were compared with Takanari as the reference variety.
In addition, transgenic transcript accumulation levels demonstrate a high variation between single GM varieties, with samples showing an increase up to 1.67-fold change and a decrease of 0.87-fold change in accumulation compared to the reference variety (for the cry1A.105 transgene).
Z-scores were calculated to determine metabolites that vary between one variety and a reference variety.
Z-scores were calculated for each metabolite based on the mean and standard deviation of the reference variety Nipponbare.
The reference variety Nipponbare was selected for mutagenesis.
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Scatter plots comparing the mean endogenous allergen levels in non-GM soybean isoline grain with the respective levels in GM grain or concurrently grown non-GM commercial reference varieties clearly show that transgenesis causes less change compared with traditional breeding.
But until now, the GRACE Project adheres to the intransparent use of reference varieties.
The 87 foreign accessions were selected as being relevant to Italian rice breeding, or considered reference varieties at the international level.
The evaluation of characteristics of a GM organism with regard to the 'accepted limits of natural variations' - requiring data from unrelated reference varieties - is only mentioned in Art. 5 3. (f) in the context of labelling but not risk assessment.
Kojima et al. ([2005]) detected 554 alleles from 332 accessions of cultivated rice based on a genome-wide RFLP survey, and developed a rice diversity research set of 69 accessions of germplasm, including two reference varieties, Nipponbare and Kasalath.
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