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Because the appropriate reference trend for temporal adjustment may vary by season and/or pollutant, we evaluate two methods: one using the only the regional background reference trend (Equation 1), and a second using the mean trend of the urban and regional background sites (Equation 2).
That is why it has been suggested to assess the precision of a specific device as the variability of the measurement errors (±2σ) around a fixed quantity value, a reference trend line obtained by a reference method or a patient in steady state.
As such, we found that the appropriate background reference trend differs between pollutants, and determined that temporal adjustment using regional and urban background trends was more robust for a multi-pollutant study with a focus on potential meteorological effects on local concentrations.
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First, the reference trends were classified as either increasing, decreasing, concave, or approximately constant.
Figure 3 plots weekly PM2.5 and NO2, trends across ACHD regulatory monitors and study reference monitors (regional and urban background); regional and urban reference trends are variably correlated in both seasons (Spearman rho 0.04 to 0.91).
Using normative data from children in the United States as the reference, trends for age- and gender-standardised prevalence (95% CI) of underweight (more than 2 SD below the weight-for-age reference), stunted (more than 2 SD below the height-for-age reference) and overweight and obese (body mass index (BMI) 85th percentile or greater) children were compared for the two surveys.
Another few caveats about all these figures – TUNE surveyed 875 U.S.-only users to come up with these numbers, and they're not referencing trends over time – but rather only asked where users found the last app they downloaded.
Abstracts and titles for each of the papers that cite TREND will be screened for references to use of TREND, English language and the type of paper.
If there is or is not a reference to TREND in the abstract and the paper reports a study where TREND could possibly have been used the full-text article will be retrieved.
£595, Charlotte Olympia, matchesfashion.com 8. blue suede court shoes It's nearly always better to reference a trend rather than wear one head to toe, and these pin-sharp stilettos do just that with this season's "it" colour, cobalt blue.
Specifically, we investigate the effect of three information characteristics on stakeholder attitudes toward the firm: the message source, information type (numeric vs. verbal information), and reference point (trend vs. competitor comparisons).
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