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Its drafters intentionally avoided any reference to "facts" or "evidence" or "conclusions". See 5 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure §1216, p. 207 (3d ed.
The consideration of documentary evidence by the judge therefore tends to be restricted, since the document itself furnishes conclusive proof if evidence by reference to facts outside the document is inadmissible.
They made reference to facts of public life that had been kept silent for most of the Soviet period and had now become topics of extensive discussion — the Gulag, the Holocaust, Jews.
People give reasons, however, for what they say ought to be done, and the giving of these reasons follows a pattern; i.e., it is a rule-governed activity, involving elements both of formal logical consistency and of reference to facts.
The history of the journal is traced, from its inception in 1979, on a range of key topics, mainly by reference to facts, figures and graphs on the proportion of articles each year, and by listings of the titles of some typical articles.
Much contemporary political science literature on law and the courts takes its inspiration from realism by seeking to explain decisions not by reference to legal reasons (which are assumed to be indeterminate) but by reference to facts about the politics, background, and ideology of judges.
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The allegations – without any reference to fact and, it appears, utterly baseless – spread through the Twittersphere and blogosphere and appeared on 9 March in a blog on the website of the respected newspaper Le Journal du Dimanche.
-To what degree do the letters present personal observations, references to facts or data, advice and/or reflections on the future?
Mr. Obama stirred controversy throughout the speech with his relentless references to facts, data, and things that have actually happened, all long considered the third rail of American politics.
The 17-page filing claimed that the prosecutors had appealed to the emotions of the jury, using "references to facts not in evidence".
But, throughout history, even highly speculative theories have eventually been tested by reference to empirical facts.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com