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Reference state.
thermodynamic environment (reference state).
Reference state, standard state.
Reference state (environment).
tot overall system 0 thermodynamic environment (reference state) .
where L is a characteristic length scale and Φ∗ is a reference state.
The corresponding incoming transition rate to the reference state k in this case is.
For very low and very high inducer concentrations, the distributions at the reference state are unimodal.
A reference state, which satisfies the control objective of output voltage regulation, is derived.
Figure 10(a) shows one picture of the specimen in its reference state.
Lyapunov and averaging analysis shows that the proposed schemes achieve practical asymptotic reference state tracking.
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