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The crystalline minerals in the samples were identified via comparison with reference samples from the International Center for Diffraction Data database.
In the CM diagram samples from the tsunami unit and the reference samples from the beach are located in high-energy depositional area, while the marshland samples are located in low-energy zones (Fig. 9).
OR uni sp.; No sp.; GL sp. (rew).; The samples for micropalaeontological analysis (18 samples) were all from the sediment suspected to be emplaced by a high energy flooding (see Table 1), except for reference samples from the modern beach and adjacent marshlands.
The major element composition (TiO2 KiO2) of the tephra layers at the study site is similar to that of reference samples from the To-a and B-Tm tephras investigated at Tagajo (38°18′24′′N, 140°59′18′′E) and Tomakomai (42°37′53′′N, 141°36′34′′E) (Aoki and Machida 2006), respectively (Fig. 8).
Finally, in circumstances where markers are totally untyped, external information, (e.g., reference samples from the HapMap project), is required.
The dataset from [32] had been standardised to reference samples from the ISAG Horse Comparison Test and could therefore be aligned directly.
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The hope, according to Dr. Shaler, is that the shorter strands can be definitively matched to a reference sample from the thousands of toothbrushes, razors, pieces of clothing and other items that were collected from victims' relatives.
To avoid the influence of silicon substrate and native oxide layer during measurements, the part of substrate was used as reference sample, i.e., the absorbance spectra of the oxide films under investigation were obtained by subtracting the absorbance spectrum of the reference sample from the total signal.
A seawater reference sample from the Hansel Laboratory Deep Seawater Reference (Lot # 06-00, Biologicalological Station for Research Inc). was included in each run.
We measured RUNX3 expression in 10 cases with normal mucosa as a reference, sampled from the intact stomach by endoscopy.
Fold change was calculated by subtracting the cycle threshold (Ct) value of the reference sample from the target sample to obtain a ΔCt value.
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