Additionally, we performed RNA-seq on a pool of epidermal melanocytes to determine a reference level of expression for each gene in normal melanocytic cells (see Materials and Methods).
For each sample, a no-reverse transcription control was used, and HPRT was used as reference level of expression.
The Connectivity Map is a reference collection of expression profiles generated by stimulation of human cultured cells with a number of small molecules, along with an algorithmic method for data mining through pattern matching.
But that means that the references of expressions don't even do the job for which they were introduced: they don't explain the contribution that expressions make to the determination of the truth-value of all sentences in which they occur.
Thus, if on the old view the "meaning" of an expression (the descriptions speakers associated with it) fixed the reference of the expression, on the new theory, the referent fixes the meaning.
To clarify the mechanism of its histogenesis, we examined the functional role of β-catenin, with reference to expression of p21waf1, cyclin D1, cyclin E, CD10, and α smooth muscle actin (SMA), as well as cell proliferation, in 7 lesions.
The expression of miRNA was defined based on the threshold cycle (Ct), and relative expression levels were calculated as 2-[(Ct of miR-96) – (Ct of U6)] after normalization with reference to expression of U6 small nuclear RNA.
The expression of miR-196a was defined based on the threshold cycle (Ct), and relative expression levels were calculated as 2−[(Ct of miR196a)−(Ct of U6)] after normalisation with reference to expression of U6 small nuclear RNA.
(Though later we will see that this view of the reference of an expression must be restricted in certain ways).
(One might, of course, still think that the reference of an expression explains its contribution to the determination of the truth-value of a suitably delimited class of simple sentences in which the expression occurs).
