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These results were obtained using reference labels provided by experts in ruminant ingestive behavior.
To evaluate recognition performance, the number of reference labels, of substitutions, insertions and deletions are counted.
The reference labels are computed using the start and end times of the utterance obtained from the TIMIT transcription (.phn files).
Meanwhile, the proposed schemes, the G.729B VAD and LTSV-based VAD, were compared to a set of reference labels generated every 10 ms from the TIMIT phonetic level transcription.
The proposed schemes, the G.729B VAD and LTSV-based VAD, produce a decision every 10 ms, while the AMR VADs need 20 ms. In order to be comparable, the frame-wise VAD decisions produced by the AMR VADs were compared to a set of reference labels generated every 20 ms from the TIMIT phonetic level transcription.
Taking t i 1 , t i 2 and t j 1 , t j 2 as the boundaries of the test and reference labels, as indicated in Figure 3, they overlap if t i2 > t j1 or t j2 > t i1 and then the total time of the labels is T = max ( t i 2, t j 2 ) − min ( t i 1, t j 1 ) = T 1 + T 2 + T OV (1).
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(c) The reference labeling in [16] Figure 11 EXIT chart analysis for 16QAM at SNR = 7.8 dB.
The corresponding spectra are labeled H, M, and L. The spectrum of the pure PVA is also shown as a reference (labeled PVA).
When agreement was defined as a match between the map class and primary reference label only, overall accuracy was 59.4% at Level II and 69.3% at Level I.
Agreement between the map and reference land-cover labels is defined as a match between the primary or alternate reference label determined for a sample pixel and a mode class of the mapped 3×3 block of pixels centered on the sample pixel.
RNA samples from normal tissue were pooled and used as a reference labeled with Cy3 (GE Healthcare).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com