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The gyroscopes provide fixed reference directions or turning rate measurements, and accelerometers measure changes in the velocity of the system.
A temporal AASRA (T-AASRA) scheme performs search range switching between past and future reference directions.
The approaches include the use of existing reference levels, reference directions, and reference levels based on nonlinear functional relationships, baselines, or social norms.
The paper shows that this dependence can be eliminated with an alternative formulation of the optimal problem where the cost is averaged over all reference directions.
It is shown that the resulting closed loop becomes arbitrarily fragile, i.e. the sensitivity peak becomes arbitrarily large, for certain reference directions.
However, it is still necessary for many engineering and architectural applications to find the value of the said factor for points lying on a plane at an arbitrary position i.e. askew to the former reference directions.
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A polar coordinate system locates a point by its direction relative to a reference direction and its distance from a given point, also the origin.
For both devices the reference direction was actually the vertical, rather than the horizontal, but conversion of the readings was an elementary matter.
The otolithic membrane and otoconia bend the hairs in the direction of gravity, providing the animal with a vertical reference direction; similar organs of balance, known as statocysts, are common in invertebrates.
The reference direction (R000) of this core is N53E.
It is based on the reference direction of the building from 06.00 am. - 06.00 pm.
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