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A polar coordinate system locates a point by its direction relative to a reference direction and its distance from a given point, also the origin.
For both devices the reference direction was actually the vertical, rather than the horizontal, but conversion of the readings was an elementary matter.
The otolithic membrane and otoconia bend the hairs in the direction of gravity, providing the animal with a vertical reference direction; similar organs of balance, known as statocysts, are common in invertebrates.
The reference direction (R000) of this core is N53E.
It is based on the reference direction of the building from 06.00 am. - 06.00 pm.
The cause of this problem is that the optimal controller depends on the reference direction.
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The gyroscopes provide fixed reference directions or turning rate measurements, and accelerometers measure changes in the velocity of the system.
Jiang and Yang [19] improved a early proposed strength Pareto-based EA by developing three techniques, i.e., a novel reference direction-based density estimator, a brand-new fitness function and a new environmental selection strategy.
A temporal AASRA (T-AASRA) scheme performs search range switching between past and future reference directions.
The approaches include the use of existing reference levels, reference directions, and reference levels based on nonlinear functional relationships, baselines, or social norms.
The paper shows that this dependence can be eliminated with an alternative formulation of the optimal problem where the cost is averaged over all reference directions.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com