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Intra-subject coefficients of variation were slightly higher (44 136 %) for MPH-MLR during the first 2 h post-dose in the absorption phase compared with the IR product (20 112 %) on day 1 of a 4-day steady-state pharmacokinetic study, but were quite similar after reaching Cmax and demonstrably tighter through day 4 for MPH-MLR (28 56 %) compared with the IR reference comparator (26 108 %) [ 8, 9].
The objective of the phase III GLOW2 study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of NVA237 50 μg q.d. in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD compared with placebo and with tiotropium (as a reference comparator) over a longer treatment period of 52 weeks.
Comparative studies between a novel diagnostic intervention and a 'gold standard' reference comparator, such as those included in this assessment, can only demonstrate non-inferiority of the intervention.
The AFRIMS JE MAC ELISA result was used as the reference comparator.
Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to calculate survival and safety outcomes using gemcitabine (GEM) as the reference comparator.
Furthermore QOL was significantly improved for the chemotherapy subset, thus on balance we felt it reasonable to utilise FELV chemotherapy as the reference comparator arm in our trial.
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This is achieved by means of a new low-power self-reference comparator.
As a consequence of this imprecision, proportion estimates from small studies will have reference and comparator groups that by chance will be either more or less extreme than the average and hence, the accompanying comparator or reference group, respectively, will tend to be closer to the mean [ 72].
For comparison analysis, PHTfree was considered the reference method (comparator).
Starch, sucrose, or mixed carbohydrates were used as the reference carbohydrate (comparator).
Relative efficiency (RE) ratios were calculated by taking the ratio of the ANOVA-based test statistics, e.g. F-statistics, associated with the reference and comparator measure [ 26].
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