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The WCS refers to the X,Y, and Z reference axis displaced at the corner of the 3D model.
Using this reference axis, geometrical transformations into the color space are computed with quaternions.
The angle θ i of the line with respect to the reference axis is nonisotropic.
Variability of the selected AP axis was even smaller (standard deviation of 2.74°) when measured independently from the PTCL reference axis, by aligning virtual resection profiles.
Φmin and Φmax are defined as the semi-minor and semi-major axes of the ellipse, whereas α defines the position of a reference axis to the coordinate axis and β defines the position of the principlal axis of the ellipse relative to the reference axis (Caldwell et al., 2004; Bibby et al., 2005; Heise et al., 2006).
The AP and ML dimensions and aspect ratio differ significantly when the reference axis was ATT compared with PTM or TEA and variations were greater while using ATT axis.
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The Grenoble-Briançon itinerary was chosen as the reference road axis (Fig. 1).
Thus, the reference quadrature axis current iq* can be obtained by Eq. 7.
We randomly generate a 70-node layout on a 10,000 × 10,000 m grid, placing the parent node as reference frame axis and ref x node as (x,0).
For the speed loop, a standard internal model controller is first designed based on a first-order model of PMSM by analyzing the relationship between reference quadrature axis current and speed.
It is mainly composed of 6 m rail system, mechanical parts, optical units and an integrated 6 m incremental linear encoder as a reference measurement axis for traceable measurements.
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