One potential consequence of these differences is that gestures to visuospatial representations may be inherently less redundant with speech about those representations than are gestures to symbolic representations that occur with speech about those representations.
In all conditions, the gestures were redundant with speech, in the sense that the referents of the gestures were also mentioned in speech (e.g., pointing to "2" while saying "2").
In addition, research should systematically investigate the effects of gestures that are more vs. less redundant with speech.
If this is the case, then gestures to equations, by virtue of being more redundant with speech, should be more likely than gestures to graphs to evoke extraneous processing that can be detrimental to performance.
The information expressed in gestures to the graph was also redundant with speech (e.g., the teacher said, "we go over to the 2 on the x-axis" while tracing along the x-axis from the origin to (0, 2)).
In it, Wolfson worships iconic artists, such as Robert Smithson or Olafur Eliasson, in a redundant, histrionic speech recited and recorded in the interior of a church, with Georg Friedrich Haendel's Sarabande playing in the background.
Yes, phrases like "on the whole" and "to say the least" are "incessantly deployed in Brodsky's poetry and prose", but these ostensibly redundant parts of speech act like springs, coiled with imaginative force subsequently released.
In each case, her gesture was entirely redundant with her speech.
In the present study, were the teacher's gestures to the equations highly redundant with her speech?
Indeed, we insured that all of the teacher's gestures in this study were redundant with the accompanying speech because we wanted to be able to examine whether that speech (in the no-gesture condition) would effectively communicate about links on its own.
