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One wonders what the great British architectural thinker Cedric Price, who was an enemy above all of redundant gestures, would have done with a Serpentine commission.
From the perspective of Mayer's cognitive theory of multi-media learning (e.g., Mayer, 2014), the redundant gestures may have evoked extraneous processing without contributing relevant, new information.
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However their ideas seem to bleed together, like the redundant gesture of layering a cropped jacket over a coat, Mr. Altuzarra has worked hard to stake out his own territory in New York.
These findings align with Hostetter's (2011) conclusion that when speakers express redundant information in gesture and speech, gesture matters less for listeners' comprehension.
After Duchamp drew a moustache on a reproduction of the Mona Lisa, such gestures are redundant.
All of the scripted gestures were redundant with the co-expressive speech; for example, the teacher pointed to "y" in the equation while saying "y".
In all conditions, the gestures were redundant with speech, in the sense that the referents of the gestures were also mentioned in speech (e.g., pointing to "2" while saying "2").
As noted above, the teacher's speech referred quite unambiguously to the digits in the equations (e.g., pointing to the "2" in the equation while saying "2"), and in this sense, her gestures were redundant with her speech.
In some cases this is trivial, as when Hank makes a big show of burning the manuscript of his novel, which is an empty gesture or a redundant one because he composed it on a laptop.
In each case, her gesture was entirely redundant with her speech.
However, this feature of our design, while allowing us strong experimental control, also created a situation in which gesture was always redundant.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com