When sequences occurred in multiple copies in the sequences collection, we kept all these redundant copies, assuming redundancy may reflect biological fitness (mostly identical copies from different patients, rather than multiple samples from the same patient).
We selected or defined following metrics after a broad survey of available performance metrics: Redundancy overhead ( R O H uf ): We refer to redundant copies of the same data frame accumulated in the network as redundancy overhead for endcast by modifying the metric ROH used by Reina et. al [30].
Making redundant copies deleterious therefore ignores previous results arguing that redundancy will be important in systems with low fidelity, both as it can buffer against mutation and because selection can operate between variants even at high copy number.
Usually, designers add redundant copies of software and/or hardware to increase the system's reliability.
There are many redundant copies of Google's indexes of the Web, and they are spread across many data centers.
The Japanese team proposed to sidestep the mutation problem by inserting redundant copies of their message into the genome.
These 83 scaffolds accounted for 10% of the comparative map (10% of homology-informative genes) and possessed a duplication frequency (0.463, including redundant copies of duplicates) that was similar to that of the genome at large (0.448).
It is also important that you have redundant copies of your collections on separate drives (if possible on different storage formats or with some combination of online storage services and local hard drives) and in separate physical locations.
Although these duplicates constituted a relatively modest fraction of the conserved syntenic homologs (14.5%, Fig. 3a; 18.2%, Fig. 3b; not counting redundant copies), we interpret these as strong evidence that large-scale (whole-genome) duplication has had a major role in shaping gnathostome genome architecture.
Second, analyses were limited to single-copy genes and duplicates that were broadly distributed throughout the genome and present at relatively low copy number by removing redundant copies of tandemly duplicated genes (lineage-specific gene amplifications) and homology groups that contained more than six homologs in either of the two species being compared in any pairwise analysis.
The retrieved sequences were then screened and redundant copies were removed.
