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It adopts redundant basis functions and hence can provide an arbitrary time-frequency resolution.
Figure 6 MSE of sparse approximation of h in Equation 27.We utilize OMP algorithm to solve S-sparse approximation and obtain the most S maximum value in g; a redundant basis leads to significantly fewer terms than Fourier basis.
Thus, in "the particular case of personal identity, minimalism implies that any metaphysical view of persons which we might have is either epiphenomenal or a redundant basis for our practice of making judgements about personal identity and organizing our practical concerns around this relation" (Johnston 1997, 150).
Also, the continuous WT is a similar form of STFT with advanced resolution capabilities due to variable window length, hence not adopted for further interpretation (Yaghin and Koohdaragh 2011), since WPT decomposes both low and high pass filters and adopts redundant basis functions and hence can provide an arbitrary time-frequency resolution.
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The four basic modes of nonassociative learning – habituation, desensitization, primary sensitization, secondary sensitization – constitute a complete orthogonal (non-redundant) mathematical basis that empowers the brain to perform basic integral-differential calculus of any dynamical and memory orders.
Compared with the conventional orthogonal transform representation, this most parsimonious representation of a signal over a redundant collection of generated basis offers efficient capability of signal modeling.
This is motivated by the fact that our super-vectors are highly redundant and that the basis vectors actually represent higher level spectral image features, not just arbitrary projection directions.
If the tampering is sparsifiable or compressible in some orthonormal basis or redundant dictionary (e.g., DCT or wavelet), it is possible to identify the time-frequency position of the attack.
With respect to [17], the proposed algorithm is novel in the following aspect: by leveraging compressive sensing principles, we are able to identify tamperings that are not sparse in the time domain only, but that can be represented by a sparse set of coefficients in some orthonormal basis or redundant dictionary.
If the tampering is sparsifiable or compressible in some orthonormal basis or redundant dictionary, it is possible to identify the time-frequency position of the attack, with a hash size as small as 200 bits/second; the bit saving obtained by introducing distributed source coding ranges between 20% to 70%.
In EMS, topology processor is used to estimate the network topology; observability analysis represents that the power flow equations are solvable, which depends highly on the available measurements and their geographic distribution; and state estimation and bad data detection are used to estimate the state variables and filter raw data on the basis of redundant measurements [28].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com